CO2 laser is emitted in a straight line, limiting targeting of structures not visualized in a direct line-of-sight (Karkos, 2021).Limitations include bulky size, thermal damage and scarring to epithelium, and lack of flexible fiber delivery (Dyer & Snelling, 2013 Karkos, 2021).Above 100 o C, water in tissue vaporizes, allowing for hemostatic separation (cutting) or ablation of tissue (Ibid., 1983).Above 70-80 o C, nucleic acids are denatured and membranes become permeable, causing coagulation necrosis (Anderson & Parrish, 1983).
Absorbed by water in soft tissue, causing an increase in tissue temperature:.CO2 laser - excitation of CO2 gas leads to emission of infrared light with wavelength near 10,600 nm (Dyer & Snelling, 2013).Wavelength of emitted laser light is influenced by characteristics of the gain medium (Franck et al., 2016).
Laser wolf liquid series#
A series of mirrors (optical resonator) focuses and directs the laser beam toward a target tissue. Continuous excitation of already-excited electrons leads to a chain reaction forming a beam of emitted photons. As electrons return to the non-excited state, they emit photons of electromagnetic radiation. Photons from an energy source (lamp, electrical current) cause electrons in a gain medium (solid, liquid, gas) to enter a higher-energy “excited” state. 
Photoangiolysis: Lasers with wavelengths highly absorbed by hemoglobin are used to selectively target blood vessels, leading to thrombosis and coagulation of vessels (Zeitels & Burns, 2006). Irradiation: administration of electromagnetic radiation (including light emitted by lasers) (Hess et al., 2018). Laser dye: One of dozens of organic molecules with chemical properties that can be "tuned" to absorb and emit various wavelengths of laser light (Duarte, 2013). A one-way current applied to the diode allows for continuous emission of light, which is then focused and targeted (Müller et al., 2013). Diode laser: A laser using a diode as the source of light. Wavelength of emitted light depends on the semiconductor used (Müller et al., 2013 Wilson, 2014). Connection to a circuit allows one-way current and light emission from the diode. Diode: A semiconductor with areas of both positive (p-type) and negative (n-type) charge-carrying capacity. Semiconductors form the base of many electronic technologies due to the ability to selectively influence their conductive properties (Lowe, 2021). May be produced by introducing ("doping") atoms of differing valence electron number into a crystal to create areas of positive or negative charge. Semiconductor: A material with conductive properties between a metal and insulator, due to presence of charge carriers. By applying short “pulses” of a given wavelength, selective tissues may be damaged while leaving surrounding structures intact (Anderson & Parrish, 1983 see Fig. chromophores) absorb different wavelengths of light to varying degrees Selective Photothermolysis: Intrinsic chemical properties of different tissue components (e.g. Fluence: The amount of energy absorbed over a target area, measured in joules/cm 2 (Franck et al., 2016). These include conjugated systems as well as porphyrins and flavins (Wilson, 2014). Chromophore: the light absorbing-component of a molecule responsible for its color. Figure 1 Schematic of a LASER, using Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) as a gain medium.ĭownloaded with permission from wikicommons 09092021( ) DrBob (talk) (Uploads), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Gain medium: In a laser, the substance (solid, liquid, or gas) which absorbs photons, leading to electron excitation and emission of laser light (Franck et al., 2016, ). 
Lasers have been used in otolaryngology for treatment of benign and malignant lesions of the larynx, sinonasal cavities, ear and other sites (Karkos, 2021).Goldman's laser treatment of a melanoma (Song, 2017). Lasers entered the clinical arena in 1961 with Dr.Maiman developed the first working laser by stimulating ruby with a high-power lamp (Maiman, 1960). Einstein proposed in 1917 that molecules stimulated by linear energy entered an excited state, a return from which would lead to emission of linear energy (Einstein, 1917 Franck et al., 2016).See: video of setup - Blue Light Laser (445 nm wavelength) Video of Setup and EquipmentĪnd Transnasal Laryngoscopy with Blue Light Laser (445 nm wavelength) - Case Example with Dosimetry, Equipment and Modified Operative Note History Initially compiled 9-10-2021 by Anderson and Hoffman with future adaptations per additional contributors Brady Anderson BS with assistance from Henry Hoffman MD
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